IAER ELECTRONICS RECYCLING NEWSLETTER

APRIL 2008

ELECTRONICS RECYCLING SUMMIT® is on APRIL 9&10

(See the Industry Events Section)

INDUSTRY NEWS

FEATURE STORIES ON ELECTRONICS RECYCLING

· Digital Transition

(Recycling Today – March 2008)

The switch to digital TV transmission is scheduled to occur on February 17, 2009. There has been a lot of speculation on its impact on consumer televisions. Estimates vary, but it is understood that fewer than 15% of all installed televisions receive broadcast signals over the air, which would require some action for those that are analog sets. Of the approximately 300 million TV sets installed in the U.S., it is estimated that between 15 to 30 million might be disposed of and replaced. There is already evidence of an increase in the volumes of TVs collected for recycling in existing programs, and some expect this to continue and be gradual rather than dramatic. A number of TV manufacturers have established take-back programs as well as more and more state programs being implemented. The challenge for TV recycling is basically economics, since “the value of the materials does not cover the cost of collecting them, transporting them and disassembling them”.

· TV Lifespan

(InfoWorld – February 28, 2008)

There are reports that flat panel TVs may have “severely limited lifespan” by the nature of their design and manufacture. Old CRT TVs were less complex and fairly reliable, so they generally lasted a long time. The new flat panel TVs are much more complex and difficult, if not impossible to repair. “The problem is that no one builds new boards for old sets when they run out (in) 18-24 months (from date of manufacture) … (and) The boards have very limited repairability due to design and layout.” It is also reported that some of the new materials used – such as no-lead solder – are inherently less reliable and subject to failures. Consumers have the option to purchase extended warranties, which are expensive and generally deal with part by part failures and not product replacement. So this raises the question of the future implications for TV disposal and recycling.

· “eWaste In Ghana”

(CBS 5, February 17, 2008)

A recent TV news report from Ghana highlighted the continuing problem of electronics scrap exported to undeveloped countries. In this case, they found “acres” of old computers piled in and around a small village in Ghana where children were engaged in crude materials recovery. “Kids can make a lot of money from this scrap because it’s loaded with copper. To get it, the surrounding parts have to be burned … Children seem unaware of the danger”. Some environmental advocacy groups claim that one of the problems is that the U.S. EPA does not consider whole electronics equipment to be hazardous, so there is no restriction on their export. Of course, others feel that there has to be responsibility on the parts of the exporter and importer to assure proper handling and processing of scrap electronics.

ELECTRONICS RECYCLING LEGISLATION

(NCER News Summary and E-Scrap News)

· Congressional E-Cycling Concept Paper – A number of organizations, including the IAER submitted comments to the congressional staffs that developed the concept paper for proposed federal electronics recycling legislation. Among the IAER’s comments were recommendations on limiting the initial scope to focus on CRTs, opposing fees on recyclers, and not imposing restrictions on the export of global commodities.

· West Virginia – A bill has passed the Legislature, which requires manufacturers to register with the state, pay a fee and also establishes a landfill ban on computers and televisions.

· New York City – The bill previously approved by the City Council was withdrawn and separated into two bills that, together, establish(es) one of the nation’s toughest recycling programs for electronic gear” Electronics manufacturers will be required to establish take back programs and consumers would be required to participate – with fines for non compliance. A separate, more controversial provision, would establish takeback targets for manufacturers.

· Virginia – A bill has passed the Legislature that requires computer manufacturers to implement take back and recycling programs, but does not impose fees on either the consumers or manufacturers. Previously, Virginia passed a landfill ban on CRTs.

· Hawaii – Companion bills in the House and Senate would establish a producer responsibility system for the recovery and recycling of computers and televisions – including an annual fee and a landfill ban.

· Rhode Island – The “Electronic Waste Prevention, Reuse and Recycling Act” would establish a producer responsibility program for computers, monitors and televisions. Manufacturers will be required to register and pay an annual fee to the State as well as disclose whether any of their new products sold exceed materials restrictions in the RoHS Directive.

INTERNATIONAL NEWS ON ELECTRONICS RECYCLING

· UK - WEEE Reports

(E-Scrap News – March 12, 2008)

An analysis of data from WEEE implementation in the UK revealed that the “level of household WEEE collections is 11.5 pounds per person, per year” and that “Over 12.5 million PCs in the UK were thrown out in the last five years”.

· Canada

(Globe and Mail – March 10, 2008)

“Environment Canada reports that Canadians bury or incinerate 158,000 tons of obsolete computer and electronic equipment every year. That is expected to triple by 2010”. Another study found that “only 11 percent of e-waste is recycled”. Still another study reported that “Small companies are far less likely to use IT disposal services compared to medium and large companies … An estimated 11 percent of companies with less than 100 employees intend to recycle computers, compared with 65 percent of companies with 10,000 or more employees.” Although there are regional and manufacturer’s electronics recycling programs in Canada, some feel that “there is no financial incentive to recycle … (and that) No laws force the manufacturers, resellers, retailers, consumers and businesses to work together”.

· Australia

(ComputerWorld Australia – March 10, 2008)

“Byteback is a … partnership between government and industry that offers responsible electronic waste recycling free of charge to small business and the community.” The program was developed by the Australian Information Industry Association in partnership with a number of major manufacturers and recyclers – with sites established and expanding in Victoria.

OTHER RELATED NEWS

· Green Computer Purchases

(Greener Computing – February 23, 2008)

“The General Services Administration saw an almost 50 percent jump in technology purchases last year, partly due to governments switching to greener computing products” – to over $360 million.

· GreenPeace Guide

GreenPeace issued an update to its “Guide to Greener Electronics”, which ranked manufacturers based on their reduction of hazardous substances in products and responsible takeback and recycling programs. The document is available at:

http://www.resourcesaver.org/file/toolmanager/CustomO16C45F97551.pdf

INDUSTRY EVENTS

ELECTRONICS RECYCLING SUMMIT® - 2008

REGISTER NOW!

The IAER and ISRI will co-sponsor the 2008 SUMMIT event to be held in conjunction with the ISRI annual convention – April 6-10, 2008 in Las Vegas, NV.

The program for this year’s Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® is bigger and better than ever, so don’t miss it. The program includes all the key elements of past SUMMIT events and more - as follows:

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9

· IERI SHORT COURSES (optional registration/limited seating)

– organized by the International Electronics Recyclers Institute/IERI

– two of the most popular and successful IERI courses:

§ Downstream Due Diligence & Risk Management

§ Electronics Specialty Materials: Recycling & Disposal

· ISRI Plenary Session:

§ Thought Leadership: Sustainability: Recycling's Place in a Carbon Economy [JP1]

· Electronics Recycling Collaboration Network/ERCN – Luncheon Meeting

· SUMMIT SESSION I - Strengthening the Infrastructure for Electronics Recycling – Opportunities for Collaboration

· SUMMIT SESSION II - State of the Art in Technology for Scrap Electronics Processing & Material Recovery

· Electronics Recycling Networking Reception

THURSDAY, APRIL 10

· Joint ISRI/IAER Electronics Recycling - Breakfast Meeting

· SUMMIT SESSION III - Electronics Recycling Value Added Services

· SUMMIT SESSION IV - Future Market Drivers for Electronics Recycling

· SUMMIT SESSION V - “Great Exportation” – challenges & opportunities

· SUMMIT SESSION VI - States Electronics Recycling Programs

- in addition to the world’s largest trade show and conference on recycling!

GO TO THE SUMMIT WEBPAGE FOR ALL THE DETAILS OF THE PROGRAM

at: http://www.iaer.org/summit/2008ers.htm

REGISTER NOW

The entire SUMMIT program is included in registration for the ISRI Convention.

IAER Members can register for the ISRI Convention at ISRI Member Rates.

Go to the SUMMIT webpage on the ISRI Convention website to register at: http://e.isriconvention.org/

Highlights of 2007 Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® - including the complete program, copies of the SUMMIT presentations and a photo gallery can be found on the IAER website at:

http://www.iaer.org/summit/summit/Summit2007c.htm

IERI SHORT COURSES

The International Electronics Recyclers Institute (IERI) will be co-sponsoring an educational program with ISRI to be held in conjunction with the ISRI Convention on Wednesday, April 9 as part of the Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® program (see above). Two of the most popular and successful IERI Short Courses will be offered:

· Downstream Due Diligence & Risk Management

· Electronics Specialty Materials: Recycling & Disposal

Because of the limited seating for IERI Short Courses, attendees must register separately (at no additional cost) on a first-come, first served basis.

For details of the courses and links to registration, go to the IERI webpage at:

http://www.iaer.org/communications/institute2.htm

IAER NEWS

IAER-ISRI MEMBERS MEETING

During the Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® event (above), a special meeting has been scheduled for both ISRI and IAER Members who are involved in electronics recycling. This will be an opportunity to hear from and ask questions of the ISRI and IAER leadership about the status of the ISRI-IAER organizational relationship. The breakfast meeting will be held on Thursday, April 10 from 7:30-9:00AM. All those interested in the future of the electronics recycling industry and your trade associations are encouraged to attend.

IAER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

During last year’s Electronics Recycling SUMMIT®, the IAER announced a new release of the IAER Certification Program. The IAER Standards & Certification Committee completed a year-long effort of revising the IAER Certification Standard and supporting documents involved in the IAER certification process. The revisions focused on expanding, strengthening and re-organizing requirements to be consistent with all the key elements of the EPA’s draft “Best Management Practices for Electronics Recycling” (BMPs) – particularly in areas such as control of materials of concern, downstream due diligence and risk management, tracking records, reuse and refurbishment.

Click here for more information on Release 2.1 – including the News Release and revised IAER Certification Standard.

Many companies are now taking advantage of IAER Certification – and the cost efficient process that was introduced last year.

If your company is not sure about pursuing IAER Certification, visit the web page on: “The Benefits of being a Certified Electronics Recycler®”.

To recognize those that have achieved IAER certification, a webpage has been established that provides access to the public to all current Certified Electronics Recyclers.

IAER ELECTRONICS RECYCLING INDUSTRY REPORT

The IAER partnered with Resource Recycling/E-Scrap News to publish a 2006 update to the Electronics Recycling Industry Report®. It includes surveys of the electronics recycling industry in the U.S. as well as comprehensive new research on the trends and developments that drive the industry. This report contains information that is essential for anyone involved or interested in the electronics recycling industry – with even more data and illustrations than the original 2003 Report. For more information and to order the Report, go to the web page at:

http://www.iaer.org/communications/indreport.htm

Updates to the Industry Report were presented at the last SUMMIT and have been posted on the SUMMIT 2007 webpage.

COMPANY ANNOUNCEMENTS

(From News Releases, Recycling Today, and E-Scrap News)

Recyclers

· Cascade Asset Management (IAER Member) – announced that it was “recognized as one of 2008’s Best Places to Work in Madison, Wisconsin”.

· Creative Recycling Systems (IAER Member) – announced a partnership with the state of Florida to “remarket and recycle the state’s touch screen voting systems”.

· GEEP (IAER Member) – announced the opening of a new electronics recycling facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

· Sims Recycling Solutions – “has begun work on a 12-acre, $21.8 million WEEE processing facility in Newport, Wales”.

· E-Scrap Destruction – announced “that it will be offering onsite storage and pickup services” for its clients.

· Plastinum Polymer Technologies – announced the marketing of new compounds “made from the company’s mixed plastic waste processing method”.

Other Companies and Organizations

· Blancco (IAER Member) – announced “the availability of an upgrade to its popular data erasure products”.

· Shred-Tech (IAER Member) – announced that it will unveil two new products at the upcoming NAID Conference.

· US Postal Service – announced “a trial program offering free mail back of unwanted electronics … running at 1,500 locations in 10 cities” in partnership with Clover Technologies Group.

· Matsushita Electric – announced that, together with Kusatsu Electric it developed a recycling process to recover metals from plastics and gasify the remaining organics.

· Samsung – announced a recycling program for printers that includes the replacement of printers after 3 years and the collection of the old product.

· Nokia – announced a “take-back and recycling initiative that offers consumers a structured way to dispose of old mobile phones and accessories” in Africa.

· Lenovo – was issued a patent for “A Method and Apparatus for Disposing of Computer Systems”, which comprises “programs that allow for secure data destruction … (and) modules that facilitate disassembly and destruction”.

· Toyota – filed a patent for “A Method for Treating Lithium Ion Batteries” in which lithium can be collected from a solution.

· NEC – announced “a free IT hardware recycling service for customers and businesses” in the UK.

	IAER ELECTRONICS RECYCLING NEWSLETTER APRIL 2008 ELECTRONICS RECYCLING SUMMIT® is on APRIL 9&10 (See the Industry Events Section) INDUSTRY NEWS FEATURE STORIES ON ELECTRONICS RECYCLING · Digital Transition (Recycling Today – March 2008) The switch to digital TV transmission is scheduled to occur on February 17, 2009. There has been a lot of speculation on its impact on consumer televisions. Estimates vary, but it is understood that fewer than 15% of all installed televisions receive broadcast signals over the air, which would require some action for those that are analog sets. Of the approximately 300 million TV sets installed in the U.S., it is estimated that between 15 to 30 million might be disposed of and replaced. There is already evidence of an increase in the volumes of TVs collected for recycling in existing programs, and some expect this to continue and be gradual rather than dramatic. A number of TV manufacturers have established take-back programs as well as more and more state programs being implemented. The challenge for TV recycling is basically economics, since “the value of the materials does not cover the cost of collecting them, transporting them and disassembling them”. · TV Lifespan (InfoWorld – February 28, 2008) There are reports that flat panel TVs may have “severely limited lifespan” by the nature of their design and manufacture. Old CRT TVs were less complex and fairly reliable, so they generally lasted a long time. The new flat panel TVs are much more complex and difficult, if not impossible to repair. “The problem is that no one builds new boards for old sets when they run out (in) 18-24 months (from date of manufacture) … (and) The boards have very limited repairability due to design and layout.” It is also reported that some of the new materials used – such as no-lead solder – are inherently less reliable and subject to failures. Consumers have the option to purchase extended warranties, which are expensive and generally deal with part by part failures and not product replacement. So this raises the question of the future implications for TV disposal and recycling. · “eWaste In Ghana” (CBS 5, February 17, 2008) A recent TV news report from Ghana highlighted the continuing problem of electronics scrap exported to undeveloped countries. In this case, they found “acres” of old computers piled in and around a small village in Ghana where children were engaged in crude materials recovery. “Kids can make a lot of money from this scrap because it’s loaded with copper. To get it, the surrounding parts have to be burned … Children seem unaware of the danger”. Some environmental advocacy groups claim that one of the problems is that the U.S. EPA does not consider whole electronics equipment to be hazardous, so there is no restriction on their export. Of course, others feel that there has to be responsibility on the parts of the exporter and importer to assure proper handling and processing of scrap electronics. ELECTRONICS RECYCLING LEGISLATION (NCER News Summary and E-Scrap News) · Congressional E-Cycling Concept Paper – A number of organizations, including the IAER submitted comments to the congressional staffs that developed the concept paper for proposed federal electronics recycling legislation. Among the IAER’s comments were recommendations on limiting the initial scope to focus on CRTs, opposing fees on recyclers, and not imposing restrictions on the export of global commodities. · West Virginia – A bill has passed the Legislature, which requires manufacturers to register with the state, pay a fee and also establishes a landfill ban on computers and televisions. · New York City – The bill previously approved by the City Council was withdrawn and separated into two bills that, together, establish(es) one of the nation’s toughest recycling programs for electronic gear” Electronics manufacturers will be required to establish take back programs and consumers would be required to participate – with fines for non compliance. A separate, more controversial provision, would establish takeback targets for manufacturers. · Virginia – A bill has passed the Legislature that requires computer manufacturers to implement take back and recycling programs, but does not impose fees on either the consumers or manufacturers. Previously, Virginia passed a landfill ban on CRTs. · Hawaii – Companion bills in the House and Senate would establish a producer responsibility system for the recovery and recycling of computers and televisions – including an annual fee and a landfill ban. · Rhode Island – The “Electronic Waste Prevention, Reuse and Recycling Act” would establish a producer responsibility program for computers, monitors and televisions. Manufacturers will be required to register and pay an annual fee to the State as well as disclose whether any of their new products sold exceed materials restrictions in the RoHS Directive. INTERNATIONAL NEWS ON ELECTRONICS RECYCLING · UK - WEEE Reports (E-Scrap News – March 12, 2008) An analysis of data from WEEE implementation in the UK revealed that the “level of household WEEE collections is 11.5 pounds per person, per year” and that “Over 12.5 million PCs in the UK were thrown out in the last five years”. · Canada (Globe and Mail – March 10, 2008) “Environment Canada reports that Canadians bury or incinerate 158,000 tons of obsolete computer and electronic equipment every year. That is expected to triple by 2010”. Another study found that “only 11 percent of e-waste is recycled”. Still another study reported that “Small companies are far less likely to use IT disposal services compared to medium and large companies … An estimated 11 percent of companies with less than 100 employees intend to recycle computers, compared with 65 percent of companies with 10,000 or more employees.” Although there are regional and manufacturer’s electronics recycling programs in Canada, some feel that “there is no financial incentive to recycle … (and that) No laws force the manufacturers, resellers, retailers, consumers and businesses to work together”. · Australia (ComputerWorld Australia – March 10, 2008) “Byteback is a … partnership between government and industry that offers responsible electronic waste recycling free of charge to small business and the community.” The program was developed by the Australian Information Industry Association in partnership with a number of major manufacturers and recyclers – with sites established and expanding in Victoria. OTHER RELATED NEWS · Green Computer Purchases (Greener Computing – February 23, 2008) “The General Services Administration saw an almost 50 percent jump in technology purchases last year, partly due to governments switching to greener computing products” – to over $360 million. · GreenPeace Guide GreenPeace issued an update to its “Guide to Greener Electronics”, which ranked manufacturers based on their reduction of hazardous substances in products and responsible takeback and recycling programs. The document is available at: http://www.resourcesaver.org/file/toolmanager/CustomO16C45F97551.pdf INDUSTRY EVENTS ELECTRONICS RECYCLING SUMMIT® - 2008 *REGISTER NOW!* The IAER and ISRI will co-sponsor the 2008 SUMMIT event to be held in conjunction with the ISRI annual convention – April 6-10, 2008 in Las Vegas, NV. The program for this year’s Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® is bigger and better than ever, so don’t miss it. The program includes all the key elements of past SUMMIT events and more - as follows: WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9 · IERI SHORT COURSES (optional registration/limited seating) – organized by the International Electronics Recyclers Institute/IERI – two of the most popular and successful IERI courses: § Downstream Due Diligence & Risk Management § Electronics Specialty Materials: Recycling & Disposal · ISRI Plenary Session: § Thought Leadership: Sustainability: Recycling's Place in a Carbon Economy [JP1] · Electronics Recycling Collaboration Network/ERCN – Luncheon Meeting · SUMMIT SESSION I - Strengthening the Infrastructure for Electronics Recycling – Opportunities for Collaboration · SUMMIT SESSION II - State of the Art in Technology for Scrap Electronics Processing & Material Recovery · Electronics Recycling Networking Reception THURSDAY, APRIL 10 · Joint ISRI/IAER Electronics Recycling - Breakfast Meeting · SUMMIT SESSION III - Electronics Recycling Value Added Services · SUMMIT SESSION IV - Future Market Drivers for Electronics Recycling · SUMMIT SESSION V - “Great Exportation” – challenges & opportunities · SUMMIT SESSION VI - States Electronics Recycling Programs - in addition to the world’s largest trade show and conference on recycling! *GO TO THE* *SUMMIT* *WEBPAGE FOR ALL THE DETAILS OF THE PROGRAM* at: http://www.iaer.org/summit/2008ers.htm *REGISTER NOW* The entire SUMMIT program is included in registration for the ISRI Convention. IAER Members can register for the ISRI Convention at ISRI Member Rates. Go to the SUMMIT webpage on the ISRI Convention website to register at: http://e.isriconvention.org/ Highlights of 2007 Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® - including the complete program, copies of the SUMMIT presentations and a photo gallery can be found on the IAER website at: http://www.iaer.org/summit/summit/Summit2007c.htm IERI SHORT COURSES The International Electronics Recyclers Institute (IERI) will be co-sponsoring an educational program with ISRI to be held in conjunction with the ISRI Convention on Wednesday, April 9 as part of the Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® program (see above). Two of the most popular and successful IERI Short Courses will be offered: · Downstream Due Diligence & Risk Management · Electronics Specialty Materials: Recycling & Disposal Because of the limited seating for IERI Short Courses, attendees must register separately (at no additional cost) on a first-come, first served basis. For details of the courses and links to registration, go to the IERI webpage at: http://www.iaer.org/communications/institute2.htm IAER NEWS IAER-ISRI MEMBERS MEETING During the Electronics Recycling SUMMIT® event (above), a special meeting has been scheduled for both ISRI and IAER Members who are involved in electronics recycling. This will be an opportunity to hear from and ask questions of the ISRI and IAER leadership about the status of the ISRI-IAER organizational relationship. The breakfast meeting will be held on Thursday, April 10 from 7:30-9:00AM. All those interested in the future of the electronics recycling industry and your trade associations are encouraged to attend. IAER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM During last year’s Electronics Recycling SUMMIT®, the IAER announced a new release of the IAER Certification Program. The IAER Standards & Certification Committee completed a year-long effort of revising the IAER Certification Standard and supporting documents involved in the IAER certification process. The revisions focused on expanding, strengthening and re-organizing requirements to be consistent with all the key elements of the EPA’s draft “Best Management Practices for Electronics Recycling” (BMPs) – particularly in areas such as control of materials of concern, downstream due diligence and risk management, tracking records, reuse and refurbishment. Click here for more information on Release 2.1 – including the News Release and revised IAER Certification Standard. Many companies are now taking advantage of IAER Certification – and the cost efficient process that was introduced last year. *If your company is not sure about pursuing IAER Certification, visit the web page on: “The Benefits of being a Certified Electronics Recycler®”. To recognize those that have achieved IAER certification, a webpage has been established that provides access to the public to all current Certified Electronics Recyclers. IAER ELECTRONICS RECYCLING INDUSTRY REPORT* The IAER partnered with Resource Recycling/E-Scrap News to publish a 2006 update to the Electronics Recycling Industry Report®. It includes surveys of the electronics recycling industry in the U.S. as well as comprehensive new research on the trends and developments that drive the industry. This report contains information that is essential for anyone involved or interested in the electronics recycling industry – with even more data and illustrations than the original 2003 Report. For more information and to order the Report, go to the web page at: http://www.iaer.org/communications/indreport.htm Updates to the Industry Report were presented at the last SUMMIT and have been posted on the SUMMIT 2007 webpage. COMPANY ANNOUNCEMENTS (From News Releases, Recycling Today, and E-Scrap News) Recyclers · Cascade Asset Management (IAER Member) – announced that it was “recognized as one of 2008’s Best Places to Work in Madison, Wisconsin”. · Creative Recycling Systems (IAER Member) – announced a partnership with the state of Florida to “remarket and recycle the state’s touch screen voting systems”. · GEEP (IAER Member) – announced the opening of a new electronics recycling facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. · Sims Recycling Solutions – “has begun work on a 12-acre, $21.8 million WEEE processing facility in Newport, Wales”. · E-Scrap Destruction – announced “that it will be offering onsite storage and pickup services” for its clients. · Plastinum Polymer Technologies – announced the marketing of new compounds “made from the company’s mixed plastic waste processing method”. Other Companies and Organizations · Blancco (IAER Member) – announced “the availability of an upgrade to its popular data erasure products”. · Shred-Tech (IAER Member) – announced that it will unveil two new products at the upcoming NAID Conference. · US Postal Service – announced “a trial program offering free mail back of unwanted electronics … running at 1,500 locations in 10 cities” in partnership with Clover Technologies Group. · Matsushita Electric – announced that, together with Kusatsu Electric it developed a recycling process to recover metals from plastics and gasify the remaining organics. · Samsung – announced a recycling program for printers that includes the replacement of printers after 3 years and the collection of the old product. · Nokia – announced a “take-back and recycling initiative that offers consumers a structured way to dispose of old mobile phones and accessories” in Africa. · Lenovo – was issued a patent for “A Method and Apparatus for Disposing of Computer Systems”, which comprises “programs that allow for secure data destruction … (and) modules that facilitate disassembly and destruction”. · Toyota – filed a patent for “A Method for Treating Lithium Ion Batteries” in which lithium can be collected from a solution. · NEC – announced “a free IT hardware recycling service for customers and businesses” in the UK. 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